Ngokutsho kokuhlelwa, i-infrared sensors inokwahlulwa ibe yi-thermal sensors kunye ne-photon sensors.

Isivamvo sobushushu

Umtshina we-thermal usebenzisa into yokufumanisa ukufunxa imitha ye-infrared ukuvelisa ukunyuka kobushushu, kwaye emva koko kukhatshwa lutshintsho kwiimpawu ezithile zomzimba. Ukulinganisa utshintsho kwezi zakhiwo zomzimba kunokulinganisa amandla okanye amandla awafunxayo. Inkqubo ethile yile ilandelayo: Inyathelo lokuqala kukufunxa imitha ye-infrared yi-thermal detector kubangela ukunyuka kobushushu; Inyathelo lesibini kukusebenzisa ezinye iziphumo zeqondo lokushisa lomtshini we-thermal ukuguqula ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa kwinguqu yombane. Kukho iintlobo ezine zotshintsho lwepropathi ebonakalayo esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo: uhlobo lwe-thermistor, uhlobo lwe-thermocouple, uhlobo lwe-pyroelectric, kunye nohlobo lwe-Gaolai pneumatic.

# Uhlobo lweThermistor

Emva kokuba izinto ezinobushushu obunobushushu zithatha imisebe ye-infrared, ubushushu bukhuphuka kwaye ixabiso lokumelana litshintsha. Ubungakanani botshintsho oluxhathisayo lulingana namandla okusasazeka kwemitha ye-infrared. Iidetectors ze-infrared ezenziwe ngokutshintsha ukuxhathisa emva kokuba into ifunxa imitha ye-infrared ibizwa ngokuba yi-thermistors. Ii-thermistors zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-thermal radiation. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ze-thermistors: isinyithi kunye ne-semiconductor.

R(T)=AT−CeD/T

R (T): ixabiso lokumelana; T: iqondo lobushushu; A, C, D: izigxina eziguquguqukayo kunye nemathiriyeli.

I-thermistor yensimbi ine-coefficient yokushisa efanelekileyo yokumelana, kwaye ixabiso layo elipheleleyo lincinci kunelo semiconductor. Ubudlelwane phakathi kokuchasana kunye nobushushu bunomgca, kwaye bunokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kumlinganiselo wokulinganisa ubushushu;

I-Semiconductor thermistors ichasene nje, isetyenziselwa ukubonwa kwe-radiation, njenge-alamu, iinkqubo zokukhusela umlilo, kunye nokukhangela kwe-radiator ye-thermal kunye nokulandelela.

# Uhlobo lweThermocouple

I-Thermocouple, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-thermocouple, sesona sixhobo sokuqala sokufumanisa i-thermoelectric, kwaye umgaqo wayo wokusebenza yi-pyroelectric effect. Indawo yokuhlangana eyenziwe ngezinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-conductor inokuvelisa amandla e-electromotive ekudibaneni. Isiphelo se-thermocouple esifumana i-radiation sibizwa ngokuba sisiphelo esishushu, kwaye esinye isiphelo sibizwa ngokuba sisiphelo esibandayo. Okubizwa ngokuba yimpembelelo ye-thermoelectric, oko kukuthi, ukuba ezi zinto zimbini ezihlukeneyo ze-conductor zidibaniswe kwi-loop, xa iqondo lokushisa kumalungu amabini ahlukeneyo, okwangoku kuya kuveliswa kwi-loop.

Ukuze kuphuculwe i-coefficient ye-absorption, i-foil yegolide emnyama ifakwe kwi-hot end ukwenza izinto ze-thermocouple, ezinokuthi zibe yintsimbi okanye i-semiconductor. Ulwakhiwo lunokuba ngumgca okanye iqumrhu elibunjwe yimichilo, okanye ifilimu encinci eyenziwe ngeteknoloji ye-vacuum deposition okanye iteknoloji ye-photolithography. Iithermocouples zodidi lwequmrhu zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kumlinganiselo wobushushu, kwaye uhlobo lwefilimu ebhityileyo ye-thermocouples (ebandakanya uninzi lwe-thermocouples kuthotho) lusetyenziswa kakhulu ukulinganisa ukusasazeka kwemitha.

Ixesha elingaguqukiyo lwe-thermocouple uhlobo lwe-infrared detector inkulu, ngoko ixesha lokuphendula lide, kwaye iimpawu eziguqukayo zihlupheke kakhulu. Ubuninzi bokutshintsha kwemitha kwicala elingasentla kufuneka ngokubanzi libe ngaphantsi kwe-10HZ. Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, ii-thermocouples ezininzi zihlala zidityaniswa kuthotho ukwenza i-thermopile ukubona ubunzulu bemitha ye-infrared.

# Uhlobo lwePyroelectric

I-Pyroelectric infrared detectors zenziwe ngeekristale zepyroelectric okanye "i-ferroelectrics" kunye ne-polarization. Ikristale ye-Pyroelectric luhlobo lwekristale ye-piezoelectric, enesakhiwo esingeyona i-centrosymmetric. Kwimeko yendalo, amaziko entlawulo afanelekileyo kunye angalunganga awahambelani kwiindlela ezithile, kwaye inani elithile leentlawulo ze-polarized zenziwa kwi-crystal surface, ebizwa ngokuba yi-polarization ezenzekelayo. Xa ubushushu be-crystal buguquka, kunokubangela ukuba iziko leentlawulo ezilungileyo kunye nezibi ze-crystal zitshintshe, ngoko ke intlawulo ye-polarization ebusweni iguquka ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokwesiqhelo umphezulu wayo ubamba iintlawulo ezidadayo kwi-atmosfera kwaye igcine imeko yolungelelwaniso lombane. Xa umphezulu we-ferroelectric ulungelelaniso lombane, xa imisebe ye-infrared ihlanjululwa ebusweni bayo, ukushisa kwe-ferroelectric (ishidi) kuphakama ngokukhawuleza, ukuqina kwe-polarization kwehla ngokukhawuleza, kwaye intlawulo eboshiweyo iyancipha ngokukhawuleza; ngelixa intlawulo edadayo kumphezulu itshintsha kancinane. Akukho tshintsho kumzimba wangaphakathi we-ferroelectric.

Ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu ukusuka kutshintsho kwi-polarization intensitem ebangelwa kukutshintsha kobushushu kwimo yokulinganisa umbane kumphezulu kwakhona, iintlawulo ezidadayo ezingaphezulu zivela kumphezulu we-ferroelectric, elilingana nokukhulula inxalenye yentlawulo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-pyroelectric effect. Kuba kuthatha ixesha elide ukuba intlawulo yasimahla ithintele umrhumo obophelelekileyo kumphezulu, kuthatha ngaphezulu kwemizuzwana embalwa, kwaye ixesha lokuphumla le-polarization ezenzekelayo yekristale lifutshane kakhulu, malunga nemizuzwana eyi-10-12. Ikristale ye-pyroelectric inokuphendula utshintsho olukhawulezayo lobushushu.

# Uhlobo lwe-pneumatic yeGaolai

Xa igesi ithatha imisebe ye-infrared phantsi kwemeko yokugcina umthamo othile, ukushisa kuya kwanda kwaye uxinzelelo luya kwanda. Ubukhulu bokunyuka koxinzelelo buhambelana namandla okusasazeka kwemitha ye-infrared, ngoko ke amandla okusasazeka kwemitha ye-infrared anokulinganiswa. Izixhobo ze-infrared ezenziwe yimigaqo engentla zibizwa ngokuba yi-gas detectors, kwaye i-tube ye-Gao Lai yinto eqhelekileyo yokukhangela igesi.

Isivamvo seFotoni

I-Photon infrared detectors isebenzisa izinto ezithile ze-semiconductor ukuvelisa iziphumo ze-photoelectric phantsi kwe-irradiation ye-radiation ye-infrared ukutshintsha iimpawu zombane zezixhobo. Ngokulinganisa utshintsho kwiipropati zombane, ubuninzi bemitha ye-infrared inokumiselwa. Iidetectors ze-infrared ezenziwe yi-photoelectric effect zibizwa ngokuba yi-photon detectors. Iimpawu eziphambili zinovakalelo oluphezulu, isantya sokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kunye nesantya esiphezulu sokuphendula. Kodwa ngokubanzi kufuneka isebenze kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi, kwaye ibhendi yokufumanisa imxinwa.

Ngokomgaqo wokusebenza we-photon detector, inokuthi ihlulwe ngokubanzi kwi-photodetector yangaphandle kunye ne-photodetector yangaphakathi. Iifoto zangaphakathi zohlulwe zibe zii-photoconductive detectors, i-photovoltaic detectors kunye ne-photomagnetoelectric detectors.

# Isikhangeli sefoto sangaphandle (isixhobo se-PE)

Xa ukukhanya kusenzeka kumphezulu wesinyithi, i-oxides yesinyithi okanye i-semiconductors, ukuba amandla e-photon makhulu ngokwaneleyo, umphezulu unokukhupha ii-electron. Lo mcimbi ubizwa ngokuba yi-photoelectron emission, eyeyempembelelo ye-photoelectric yangaphandle. I-Phototubes kunye ne-photomultiplier tubes zikolu hlobo lwe-photon detector. Isantya sokuphendula sikhawuleza, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, imveliso yetyhubhu ye-photomultiplier inenzuzo ephezulu kakhulu, engasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ifoton enye, kodwa uluhlu lwe-wavelength luncinci, kwaye olude kakhulu luyi-1700nm kuphela.

# Umtshina wefotoconductive

Xa i-semiconductor ithatha i-photons yesiganeko, ezinye ii-electron kunye nemingxuma kwi-semiconductor utshintsho ukusuka kwi-non-conductive state ukuya kwi-free state enokuqhuba umbane, ngaloo ndlela ikwandisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-semiconductor. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-photoconductivity effect. Izixhobo ze-infrared ezenziwe yi-photoconductive effect ye-semiconductors zibizwa ngokuba yi-photoconductive detectors. Okwangoku, lolona hlobo lusetyenziswa kakhulu lwe-photon detector.

# Isixhobo se-Photovoltaic (isixhobo sePU)

Xa i-radiation ye-infrared i-irradiated kwi-PN junction yezakhiwo ezithile zezinto ze-semiconductor, phantsi kwesenzo sentsimi yombane kwi-PN junction, ii-electron zamahhala kwindawo ye-P zihamba kwindawo ye-N, kwaye imingxuma kwindawo ye-N ihambela kwindawo. Indawo yeP. Ukuba i-PN junction ivuliwe, amandla ombane ongezelelweyo aveliswa kuzo zombini iziphelo ze-PN junction ebizwa ngokuba yi-photo electromotive force. Abachongi abenziwe ngokusebenzisa ifoto ye-electromotive force effect babizwa ngokuba yi-photovoltaic detectors okanye i-junction infrared detectors.

# Umtshina wemagnetoelectric obonakalayo

Indawo yamagnetic isetyenziswa ecaleni kwisampulu. Xa umphezulu we-semiconductor uthatha iifotoni, ii-electron kunye nemingxuma eyenziweyo iyasasazeka emzimbeni. Ngexesha lokusasazwa kwenkqubo, ii-electron kunye nemingxuma zihlanjululwa kuzo zombini iziphelo zesampulu ngenxa yempembelelo ye-lateral magnetic field. Kukho umahluko onokubakho phakathi kweziphelo zombini. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-opto-magnetoelectric effect. Ii-detectors ezenziwe nge-photo-magnetoelectric effect zibizwa ngokuba yi-photo-magneto-electric detectors (ekubhekiselwa kuzo njengezixhobo ze-PEM).